At the same time, rival schools developed. Fagg, "The Nok Culture in Prehistory", Abba Idris Adam, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio. Arrears and penalty interest accumulated on the unpaid principal, which increased the size of the debt. [155], Prior to the Nigerian civil war, Nigeria was self-sufficient in food. Political parties, however, tended to reflect the makeup of the three main ethnic groups. Abacha died of heart failure on 8 June 1998 and was replaced by General Abdulsalami Abubakar. Trans-Saharan trade routes linked the western Sudan with the Mediterranean since the time of Carthage and with the Upper Nile from a much earlier date, establishing avenues of communication and cultural influence that remained open until the end of the 19th century. - Offers a view of one of the main sources of income for the country. In October 1963 Nigeria proclaimed itself the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and former Governor-General Nnamdi Azikiwe became the country's first President. Nigeria also supported several Pan-African and pro-self government causes in the 1970s, including garnering support for Angola's MPLA, SWAPO in Namibia, and aiding opposition to the minority governments of Portuguese Mozambique, and Rhodesia. Nigeria is trying to reach the Sustainable Development Goal Number 1, which is to end poverty in all its forms by 2030. Nok seated figure; 5th century BC – 5th century AD; terracotta; 38 cm (1 ft. 3 in. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. [28] They are called the Banza Bakwai meaning Bastard or Bogus Seven on account of their ancestress' slave status.[28]. [234] In the same year, the life expectancy in Nigeria is 54.7 years on average,[234] and just 71% and 39% of the population have access to improved water sources and improved sanitation, respectively. [92] Several hundred million dollars in accounts traced to Abacha were discovered in 1999. British cultural influence is strong but its political influence is declining. Lagos is Nigeria’s largest city. By the end of 2017, there were around 4,000 players in more than 100 clubs in the country. The accused were tried before a Gen Victor Malu military tribunal in which Diya and five others- Late Gen AK Adisa, Gen Tajudeen Olnrewaju, Late Col OO Akiyode, Major Seun Fadipe and a civilian Engr Bola Adebanjo were sentenced to death to die by firing squad. His comments were interpreted by some analysts as a warning to his Vice President and 2007 presidential candidate Atiku Abubakar. Songhai collapsed in 1591 when a Moroccan army conquered Gao and Timbuktu. The Nigerian Premier League has become one of the biggest and most-watched basketball competitions in Africa. This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, and the like. Shonekan was to rule until elections scheduled for February 1994. The government has recently begun expanding this infrastructure to space-based communications. Henry Townsend from 1859-1967. August 13, 1990, "Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3. These parties were the People's Democratic Party (PDP), the All People's Party (APP), and the predominantly Yoruba Alliance for Democracy (AD). ", "World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk", "Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja", "Nigeria: A Country Study – The Slave Trade", "Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500", "Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al", "Ruling party named winner in disputed Nigerian election", "Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan sworn in as president", "National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President", "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election", "Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins", "Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat", "APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat", "Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat", "Buhari beats Atiku to secure re-election as Nigeria president", "Legislation and the Electoral Process: The Third Term Agenda and the Future of Nigerian Democracy", "Nigeria has lost $400bn oil revenue to corruption since Independence – Ezekwesili", "Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: The Realities of Regionalism", "Collins Edomaruse, how Obasanjo cut UK, US to size", "Egbe Omo Yoruba, National Association of Yoruba descendants in North America", "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? [122] However the structure of the Sino-Nigerian trade relationship has become a major political issue for the Nigerian state. On 27 October 1958 Britain agreed that Nigeria would become an independent state on 1 October 1960. gross domestic product rate decreased to 2%. This is in support of the doctrine sometimes called Pax Nigeriana. In September 2001, over 2,000 people were killed in inter-religious rioting in Jos. [249] These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank (the laws being set up loosely to allow it) and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank. Nigeria's foreign policy was put to the test in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded according to the Bayajidda legend by the six sons of Bawo, the unique son of the hero and the queen Magajiya Daurama in addition to the hero's son, Biram or Ibrahim, of an earlier marriage. [109] In 2012, Nigeria was estimated to have lost over $400 billion to corruption since independence. The mouth of this head is slightly open. ), width: 50 cm (19.6 in. NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company. Ikeja replaced Lagos as the state capital, and Abuja replaced Lagos as the federal capital. It produced life-sized terracotta figures that are some of the earliest known sculptures in Sub-Saharan Africa[38][39][40][41][42] and smelted iron by about 550 BC and possibly a few centuries earlier. [7], Nigeria is a multinational state inhabited by more than 250 ethnic groups speaking 500 distinct languages, all identifying with a wide variety of cultures. Yar'Adua's presidency was fraught with uncertainty as media reports said he suffered from kidney and heart disease. Herder—farmer conflict in central Nigeria, violent protests by Muslims in the Northern part of the country, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Drilling and Killing: Chevron and Nigeria's Oil Dictatorship, International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam, "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 – Nigeria", "Nigeria's Buhari wins historic election landslide", "Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World", "Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria", "The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations", "Nigeria to Give All of Its 200 Million People Identity Numbers", "Nigeria becomes Africa's largest economy", "Nigerian Economy Overtakes South Africa's on Rebased GDP", "Nigeria is poised to become Africa's most powerful nation", The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism, South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership, "MINT Countries: Nigeria Now Listed Among Emerging World Economic Powers", "The Mint countries: Next economic giants? [112][113] The two major political parties are the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria and the All Progressives Congress with twenty minor opposition parties are registered. Obasanjo, a former general, was admired for his stand against the Abacha dictatorship, his record of returning the federal government to civilian rule in 1979, and his claim to represent all Nigerians regardless of religion[citation needed]. Some of these vegetations include, Euphorbiaceae, that serve purposed to aid malaria, gastrointestinal disorders and many other infections. [262], In April 2016, more than 500 people in ten villages in predominantly Christian areas in Agatu were murdered by Fulani herdsmen. His sudden removal would dim the prospects for Nigerian stability. He went on to win the elections, with the international media reporting the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections. [304], In the early 1990s, Scrabble was made an official sport in Nigeria. The only breakdown available was by gender: males numbered 71,709,859, females numbered 68,293,008. Britain's West Africa Squadron sought to intercept the smugglers at sea. And this has been in use ever since. In the northeast, the decline of the Bornu Empire gave rise to the British-controlled Borno Emirate which established Abubakar Garbai of Borno as the ruler. In the 1980s Nigerian scholarship, in general, began to decline, and the Ibadan School was much affected. ", Ogbeidi, Michael M. "Political leadership and corruption in Nigeria since 1960: A socio-economic analysis. [65], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. [155] Rubber is the second-largest non-oil foreign exchange earner. There are 521 languages that have been spoken in Nigeria; nine of them are now extinct. Researchers say that the first time this land was allegedly called Nigeria happened in 1897. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. First-year entry requirements into most universities in Nigeria include: Minimum of SSCE/GCE Ordinary Level Credits at a maximum of two sittings; Minimum cut-off marks in Joint Admission and Matriculation Board Entrance Examination (JAMB) of 180 and above out of a maximum of 400 marks are required. Despite its relative political weakness in this period, Borno's court and mosques under the patronage of a line of scholarly kings earned fame as centres of Islamic culture and learning. On 17 August 1994, the government dismissed the leadership of the NLC and the petroleum unions, placed the unions under appointed administrators, and arrested Frank Kokori and other labor leaders. [232] The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based health care reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. Suffice to say Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe was the first civilian president of Nigeria, the first president of Nigeria. [50] A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost. There are early historical references by medieval Arab and Muslim historians and geographers which refer to the Kanem-Bornu Empire as the region's major centre for Islamic civilization. [306], Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region, This article is about the country. A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods. [53], Capturing 89 seats in the federal parliament was the second-largest party in the newly independent country the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC). Foreign scholars often associated with the school include Michael Crowder, Abdullahi Amith, J. The Edo area is composed predominantly of members of the Pentecostal Assemblies of God, which was introduced into Nigeria by Augustus Ehurie Wogu and his associates at Old Umuahia. The Oba of Lagos is the traditional, yet ceremonial, sovereign of Lagos, a coastal settlement of Yoruba people and Nigerians that went on to become the largest city in Africa after first giving its name to Lagos State, the financial heart of contemporary Nigeria. Nigeria has a space satellite that is monitored at the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency Headquarters in Abuja. It is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja, is located. [303], Nigeria made history by qualifying the first bobsled team for the Winter Olympics from Africa when their women's two-person team qualified for the bobsled competition at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games in Pyeongchang, South Korea. As of 2014[update] it is the largest economy in Africa, having overtaken South Africa. Neither Abacha nor Abubakar lifted the decree suspending the 1979 constitution, and the 1989 constitution was not implemented. [124] Subsequently, Nigeria's economy is becoming over-reliant on cheap foreign imports to sustain itself, resulting in a clear decline in Nigerian Industry under such arrangements. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. [57] By the time of its break-up in 1903 into various European colonies, the Sokoto Caliphate was one of the largest pre-colonial African states.[58]. Short Form: Nigeria. Most slave ships that transported slaves from Calabar were English, and around 85% of these ships being from Bristol and Liverpool merchants. Most fateful for the Ironsi government was the decision to issue Decree No. However, the spike in oil prices from $3 per barrel to $12 per barrel, following the Yom Kippur War in 1973 brought a sudden rush of money to Nigeria. SOUTH-SOUTH: Akwa-Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Rivers; [56] Oyo, at its territorial zenith in the late 17th to early 18th centuries, extended its influence from western Nigeria to modern-day Togo. The case is an Italian citizen who works in Nigeria and returned from Milan, Italy to Lagos, Nigeria on the 25th of February 2020. [241], Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education. The public response convinced Babangida of intense opposition to an economic recession. The source of the Aro Confederacy's economic dominance was based on the judicial oracle of Ibini Ukpabi ("Long Juju") and their military forces which included powerful allies such as Ohafia, Abam, Ezza, and other related neighboring states. The Ife model of government was adapted at Oyo, where a member of its ruling dynasty controlled several smaller city-states. Islam dominates North Western (Hausa, Fulani and others) and a good portion of Northern Eastern (Kanuri, Fulani and other groups) Nigeria. Benin exercised considerable influence on the western Igbo, who adopted many of the political structures familiar to the Yoruba-Benin region, but Asaba and its immediate neighbours, such as Ibusa, Ogwashi-Ukwu, Okpanam, Issele-Azagba and Issele-Ukwu, were much closer to the Kingdom of Nri. NIGERIA’S ORIGINAL NAME. Established in 2010, the event takes place over a 3- to 5-day period at selected high-quality outdoor venues. [69] France, Egypt, the Soviet Union, Britain, Israel, and others were deeply involved in the civil war behind the scenes. A changing legal imperative (transatlantic slave trade outlawed by Britain in 1807) and economic imperative (a desire for political and social stability) led most European powers to support the widespread cultivation of agricultural products, such as the palm, for use in European industry. [157], Nigeria is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest exporter, and has the 10th largest proven reserves. From approximately the 8th century, adjacent village compounds called ile coalesced into numerous territorial city-states in which clan loyalties became subordinate to dynastic chieftains. The Nigerian People's Congress (NPC) represented conservative, Muslim, largely Hausa and Fulani interests that dominated the Northern Region. Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna fled to Kwame Nkrumah's Ghana where he was welcomed as a hero. The military rulers looked upon the universities with deep suspicion and they were poorly funded. [47][48] Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. The education system consists of six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four, five or six years of university education leading to a bachelor's degree. "Gender Self-Endangering: The Sexist Issue in Nigerian Politics". He looted money to offshore accounts in western European banks and defeated coup plots by arresting and bribing generals and politicians. His successor, Abdulsalam Abubakar, handed over power to the democratically elected government of Olusegun Obasanjo the next year. And notice that a common feature in all the former names of Nigeria (Central Sudan, Niger Sudan, Niger Empire, Hausa Territories and Royal Niger Company Territories) is … Borno reached its pinnacle under mai Idris Aloma (ca. The music is as varied as the audience itself and features a diverse mix of musical genres from rhythm and blues to soul, Afrobeat, hip hop, bebop, and traditional jazz. Capital: Abuja has been the capital of Nigeria since December 12, 1991. However, Bello chose to remain as premier of the North and as party boss of the NPC, selected Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, a Hausa, to become Nigeria's first Prime Minister. [259] The group's targets include both civilians and Nigerian security forces. Nigeria - Nigeria - Economy: The Nigerian economy is one of the largest in Africa. [59] In the Northern Region, however, the Hausa and Fulani people demanded that the detainees be placed on trial for murder.[59]. It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the U.S. of any country worldwide. [60], Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. [14] Nigeria's constitution ensures freedom of religion. The emergence of democracy in Nigeria on May 1999 ended 16 years of consecutive military rule. [67], In 1982 the ruling National Party of Nigeria, a conservative alliance led by Shegu Shagari, had hoped to retain power through patronage and control over the Federal Election Commission. Obasanjo peacefully transferred power to Shagari, becoming the first head of state in Nigerian history to willingly step down. The rest is from fossil fuels (16%) and hydropower (1%). THE HISTORY OF NIGERIA BEFORE INDEPENDENCE FROM 1914 TILL DATE Nigeria stood as the biggest black country on the globe because of its estimated population of 190,000,00. [231] Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees. Social, economic, and cultural history also began to grow in prominence. This lack of communication left the new acting President Jonathan with no knowledge of his predecessor's plans. Kennis Music, the self-proclaimed number-one record label in Africa, and one of Nigeria's biggest record labels, has a roster almost entirely dominated by hip-hop artists.
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